Sep 05

Standard Contracts for Building By Country

FIDIC Standard Contract Books

FIDIC Standard Contract Books

Standard building contracts are critical for the construction industry as they define the rights and obligations of the parties involved. Many countries have their own standard forms of construction contracts, often issued by professional bodies, government agencies, or construction organizations. Below is a list of standard building contracts used in various countries worldwide:

1. International

  • FIDIC Contracts (International Federation of Consulting Engineers):
    • FIDIC Red Book (Construction)
    • FIDIC Yellow Book (Design-Build)
    • FIDIC Silver Book (Turnkey Projects)
    • FIDIC Green Book (Short Form of Contract)
    • FIDIC White Book (Consultancy Agreements)
  • NEC Contracts (New Engineering Contract):
    • NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC)
    • NEC4 Professional Services Contract (PSC)
    • NEC4 Term Service Contract (TSC)
  • World Bank Standard Bidding Documents
    • Used in many developing countries for World Bank-financed projects.

2. United States

  • AIA Contracts (American Institute of Architects):
    • A101: Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor
    • A201: General Conditions of the Contract for Construction
    • A133: Construction Manager as Constructor Contract
  • EJCDC Contracts (Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee):
    • C-700: Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract
  • ConsensusDocs:
    • 200: Owner and Contractor Agreement
    • 500: Design-Builder Agreement

3. United Kingdom

  • JCT Contracts (Joint Contracts Tribunal):
    • JCT Standard Building Contract
    • JCT Design and Build Contract
    • JCT Intermediate Building Contract
  • NEC Contracts (New Engineering Contract):
    • NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC)
  • RIBA Contracts (Royal Institute of British Architects):
    • RIBA Domestic Building Contract

4. Canada

  • CCDC Contracts (Canadian Construction Documents Committee):
    • CCDC 2: Stipulated Price Contract
    • CCDC 5A and 5B: Construction Management Contracts
    • CCDC 14: Design-Build Stipulated Price Contract
  • RAIC Contracts (Royal Architectural Institute of Canada):
    • RAIC Document Six: Standard Form of Contract for Architectural Services

5. Australia

  • AS Contracts (Australian Standards):
    • AS 4000: General Conditions of Contract
    • AS 2124: General Conditions of Contract (older version)
    • AS 4300: Design and Construct Contract
  • ABIC Contracts (Australian Building Industry Contracts):
    • ABIC Major Works Contract
    • ABIC Simple Works Contract

6. New Zealand

  • NZS Contracts (New Zealand Standards):
    • NZS 3910: Conditions of Contract for Building and Civil Engineering Construction
    • NZS 3915: Conditions of Contract for Building and Civil Engineering (Design and Build)

7. South Africa

  • JBCC Contracts (Joint Building Contracts Committee):
    • JBCC Principal Building Agreement
    • JBCC Minor Works Agreement
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Frequently used for larger or international projects.

8. India

  • CPWD Contracts (Central Public Works Department):
    • CPWD Works Manual for public sector contracts
    • FIDIC Red and Yellow Books for international projects
  • NBCC Contracts (National Buildings Construction Corporation):
    • Used for state and central government projects.

9. Germany

  • VOB Contracts (Verdingungsordnung für Bauleistungen):
    • VOB/B: General Conditions of Contract for Construction Services
    • VOB/C: Technical Specifications for Construction Works
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Occasionally used for international projects.

10. France

  • CCAG Contracts (Cahier des Clauses Administratives Générales):
    • CCAG-Travaux: General Administrative Clauses for Public Works
    • CCAG-PI: General Administrative Clauses for Intellectual Property
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used for large-scale or international projects.

11. China

  • FIDIC Contracts:
    • Widely used for international projects and projects with foreign investment.
  • Standard Construction Contract (Chinese Construction Law):
    • Based on local regulations for state or private sector projects.

12. Japan

  • MLIT Contracts (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism):
    • MLIT Standard Forms for construction projects
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used for international projects.

13. Singapore

  • SIA Contracts (Singapore Institute of Architects):
    • SIA Standard Form of Building Contract
  • Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract (PSSCOC):
    • For public sector construction works.

14. Malaysia

  • PAM Contracts (Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia):
    • PAM Contract 2006 (With and Without Quantities)
  • CIDB Contracts (Construction Industry Development Board):
    • CIDB Standard Form of Contract

15. Nigeria

  • JCT Contracts
    • Based on the UK’s JCT standard for larger private projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used for international and large-scale projects.

16. Kenya

  • JBC Contracts (Joint Building Council of Kenya):
    • JBC Standard Form of Contract
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used for international projects.

17. Brazil

  • Brazilian Civil Code Contracts
    • Governed by general civil code provisions.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Common for international or large-scale projects.

18. Russia

  • SNiP Contracts (Construction Norms and Regulations)
    • Governed by Russian civil law and construction standards.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used for foreign-funded or large-scale projects.

19. United Arab Emirates

  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Dominant in UAE construction for both private and public sector projects.
  • Dubai Municipality Contracts
    • Used for local government projects.

20. Saudi Arabia

  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Common for most large projects, including government and private sectors.
  • Saudi Aramco Contracts
    • For oil and gas sector construction projects.

21. Qatar

  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used extensively for both public and private construction projects.
  • Qatar Construction Specifications (QCS):
    • Local construction guidelines often incorporated into contracts.

This list covers many of the widely recognized standard construction contracts around the world. It includes a combination of internationally recognized contracts (like FIDIC and NEC) and those unique to each country or region, providing flexibility in various project scales and requirements.

22. Mexico

  • General Civil Code Contracts
    • Governed by the Mexican Civil Code, with specific clauses for construction.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Often used for international or large-scale projects, especially those funded by foreign investors.
  • CMIC Contracts (Cámara Mexicana de la Industria de la Construcción)
    • Common in Mexico for local construction projects, provided by the Mexican Construction Industry Chamber.

23. Argentina

  • Argentinian Civil Code Contracts
    • Construction contracts are typically governed by the civil code.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Frequently used for large or international projects.

24. Chile

  • General Law on Urbanism and Construction Contracts
    • Governed by Chilean law, with specific regulations for public and private sector projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Often applied in international projects.

25. South Korea

  • Korean Standard Forms of Contract
    • The Korean government provides standard forms for public sector construction projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used in international projects or projects funded by foreign investments.

26. Indonesia

  • Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Contracts
    • Standard contracts for construction are based on Indonesian national laws and SNI regulations.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used in international and large-scale private or public projects.

27. Philippines

  • Philippine Standard Forms of Contract
    • Based on the Republic Act 9184 (Government Procurement Reform Act) for public works contracts.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Common in large-scale infrastructure and international projects.

28. Thailand

  • Thailand Standard Government Contracts
    • Used for public sector construction projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Common in larger or international projects.

29. Vietnam

  • Vietnamese Standard Contracts
    • Governed by the Law on Construction and associated decrees.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Frequently used in foreign-funded or large-scale projects.

30. Egypt

  • Egyptian Civil Code Contracts
    • Governed by local civil law provisions for public and private projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used in large-scale infrastructure and international projects.

31. Morocco

  • Moroccan Standard Contracts
    • Governed by local laws and decrees for construction contracts.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Often used for international and large-scale infrastructure projects.

32. Turkey

  • Public Procurement Authority Contracts
    • Governed by the Public Procurement Law (No. 4734) for public construction works.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Commonly used in large or international projects.

33. Ghana

  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Predominantly used for most large-scale infrastructure and government projects.
  • Public Works Department (PWD) Contracts
    • Standard forms provided by the government for public sector works.

34. Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian Standard Contracts
    • Governed by national procurement laws for government projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used for foreign-funded and large projects.

35. Pakistan

  • Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) Standard Contracts
    • Used for public and private sector construction projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Frequently used for large-scale and international projects.

36. Bangladesh

  • Public Works Department (PWD) Contracts
    • Governed by national procurement laws for public construction projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Used for large-scale or international projects.

37. Sri Lanka

  • Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD) Standard Contracts
    • Used for public and private sector construction projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Applied in large-scale infrastructure and foreign-funded projects.

38. Malaysia

  • PAM Contracts (Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia)
    • The primary standard form of contract for private sector building projects.
  • CIDB Contracts (Construction Industry Development Board)
    • Used for public sector works and government-funded projects.

39. United Arab Emirates

  • FIDIC Contracts
    • The most commonly used standard form in both private and public sector projects.
  • Dubai Municipality Contracts
    • Standard contracts provided by local municipalities for construction works.

40. Kuwait

  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Widely used for large infrastructure and development projects.
  • Kuwait Oil Company Standard Contracts
    • Used for oil and gas sector construction works.

41. Jordan

  • Jordanian Government Standard Contracts
    • Used for government and public infrastructure projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Frequently applied in larger projects.

42. Lebanon

  • Lebanese Standard Contracts
    • Governed by local laws for construction projects, especially in the private sector.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Common for international and large-scale projects.

43. Iran

  • Iranian Standard Contracts
    • Governed by national regulations for construction projects.
  • FIDIC Contracts
    • Frequently used for international projects, especially in infrastructure and oil sectors.

Conclusion:

The use of standard construction contracts varies by country and region, with internationally recognized forms like FIDIC and NEC being widely adopted for large-scale or international projects. National bodies and construction associations in various countries have also developed specific contracts tailored to local laws and industry practices, such as the JCT in the UK, AIA in the USA, and PAM in Malaysia. These contracts help streamline project management, reduce disputes, and ensure transparency in construction projects.

If you are involved in international projects or plan to engage in cross-border work, it’s essential to familiarize yourself with the standard forms used in each relevant country. Proper contract selection is key to project success, ensuring that all parties are protected and the project runs smoothly.

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